Kelemahan Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)
M. Bakri Musa
Seeing Malaysia My Way
About Me

- Name: M. Bakri Musa
- Location: Morgan Hill, California, United States
Malaysian-born Bakri Musa writes frequently on issues affecting his native land. His essays have appeared in the Far Eastern Economic Review, Asiaweek, International Herald Tribune, Education Quarterly, SIngapore's Straits Times, and The New Straits Times. His commentary has aired on National Public Radio's Marketplace. His regular column Seeing It My Way appears in Malaysiakini. Bakri is also a regular contributor to th eSun (Malaysia). He has previously written "The Malay Dilemma Revisited: Race Dynamics in Modern Malaysia" as well as "Malaysia in the Era of Globalization," "An Education System Worthy of Malaysia," "Seeing Malaysia My Way," and "With Love, From Malaysia." Bakri's day job (and frequently night time too!) is as a surgeon in private practice in Silicon Valley, California. He and his wife Karen live on a ranch in Morgan Hill. This website is updated twice a week on Sundays and Wednesdays at 5 PM California time.
Wednesday, April 08, 2026
Sunday, April 05, 2026
Basic Flaws With Sijil Persekutuan Malaysia (SPM)
Basic Flaws With Sijil Persekutuan Malaysia (SPM)
M. Bakri Musa
April 5, 2026
On March 31, 2026 the results of the national Sijil Persekutuan Malaysia (SPM) were released. SPM is the Year-11 (Form Five) terminal examination secondary school students sat for last November. Minister of Education Fadhlina Sidek was quick to claim credit for the slight improvement in overall performances. Meanwhile newspapers and social media were filled with congratulatory messages for those who had aced the test. Glossed over and thus not addressed are the major structural flaws with both SPM and the national school system.
Up until the late 1970s SPM was but a middle school test, the schools’ terminal examination being the Higher School Certificate (HSC) taken at Year 13 following two years of Form Six. HSC was well regarded worldwide, on par with the British GCE “A” Level.
Not so with today’s SPM. For university admission, local or foreign, one would have to take additional studies like Form Six, Matrikulasi (
This de-emphasizing and consequent dismantling of Form Six began in early 1980s when the government began sending thousands of young Malays abroad right after their SPM. An exorbitantly expensive exercise that diverted scarce resources from local institutions. Besides, those sent abroad could not enter university directly, at least not the quality ones. They first had to do essentially Form Six. Besides, most ended up at mediocre universities. Today those half-baked characters are running and ruining Malaysia.
The 1997 economic crisis briefly knocked some fiscal sense into the authorities, forcing them to curtail that profligate practice. Today that same folly is back again albeit on a lower scale but no less wasteful.
According to PISA (Program for International Students Assessment), Malaysian secondary school students are at least two years behind their peers in advanced nations. In short, SPM is but Form III in those countries.
Consider the fate or academic paths of these SPM candidates. The few private ones excepted, they are all from the government’s Sekolah Kebangsaan (national schools) and Sekolah Agama (religious schools). Overwhelmingly Malays with the first and exclusively so the second. Non-Malays have long ago abandoned the national stream. Now many Malays too are joining them. Chinese schools have their United Examination Certificate (UEC) at Year 12. That qualification is recognized worldwide except perversely in Malaysia. As for the privileged few in private and international schools, they opt for the International Baccalaureate or GCE “A” Level.
Ponder the fate of these mostly-Malay SPM candidates. They sit for their examination in November and then wait till March for the results. If they have done well, they can apply for the various government’s post-Form Five programs that typically do not start until July. Meaning, they would have wasted over seven months.
Considerable attrition of knowledge as well as good study habits occur during that long hiatus. The well-to-do (meaning mostly non-Malays) enroll immediately in January for the many excellent private programs. When they would later be accepted into the government’s Assasi or matriku
American students too have long summer breaks following their high school. However, they knew as early as March which college had accepted them for the following September. Besides, many universities assign summer reading programs for their incoming freshmen to better prepare them.
The solution to this Malaysian (or essentially Malay) educational dilemma is as simple as it is obvious, and also far cheaper. Make K-13 the new norm. Emulate and modify the German system by streaming the last two years into academic (for the top quartile), general, and vocational. The government’s earlier January 2026 initiative (preschool for all) was the right move.
America has K-12. The reality for most is K-14, K-12 plus at least two years of junior college. Universities now encourage transfers into their sophomore (second) and junior (third) years from these junior colleges.
Aspiring to the next trajectory of development would require Malaysia to have well educated citizens. That begins with their being well educated. Formalize K-13. Leave universities to focus on undergraduate, graduate, and professional studies as well as extension and continuing education. Do not distract or burden them with high school teaching. The Ministry of Higher Education taking over Sixth Form, Matrikukulasi, and Kelas Assasi is wasteful, expensive, as well as retrogressive.
As for the perennially pathetic and unresolved Malay problem or dilemma, the answer lies less with endless calls for unity, expanding special privileges, or for Allah to answer our prayers, but more on improving schools where most Malays attend.
Schools are society’s future, as per ancient Chinese wisdom. However, knocking that elemental wisdom into the heads of Malay leaders remains the greatest challenge. Extending the school years (K-13) would at the very least delay the production of new Mat Rempits and Minah Karans.
Updated excerpt from my Qur’an, Hadith, And Hikayat will resume next week.
Wednesday, April 01, 2026
Kebangsatan Aliran Sekolah Agama
Kebangsatan Aliran Sekolah Agama
Sunday, March 29, 2026
The Blight of Malaysian islamic Schools
The Blight of Malaysian Islamic Schools
M. Bakri Musa
March 29, 2026
Updated Excerpt from my Qur’an, Hadith, And Hikayat: Exercises In Critical Thinking
The way Islam is being taught and propagated in Malaysia, in the schools as well as to the laity, is problematic. It does not encourage critical thinking, or any thinking at all. If one were to be curious enough to ask questions, the teacher or alim would berate him, adding that Satan is agitating the questioner’s mind. Asking questions is equated to doubting and not to seek clarification or amplification. The emphasis is on rote memorization and blind acceptance, not understanding much less critical thinking.
With the increasing hours devoted to religious studies in national schools, there is correspondingly fewer time devoted for STEM. Add to that the de-emphasis of English and you have a recipe for a mediocre if not disastrous school system. While English is still taught at all levels, it is often done by ill-trained teachers who themselves are severely deficient in their English language skills and proficiency. As a result, today’s Malaysians cannot utter a single complete sentence in English or Malay.
Listen to interviews or discussions on national television and you hear the jumble of incomprehensible sounds of “rojak Malay.” Rojak is the mix of fresh fruits and vegetables served at roadside hawker stalls. Rojak Malay is but Pidgin English, no different from those uttered by the Papua New Guineans, except for the added distinctive Malaysian accent. Even supposedly esteemed professors cannot utter a simple sentence in complete Malay or English. Likewise with Malaysian leaders. Watch YouTube and the daily newscasts!
The excuse to not emphasizing English is that nations such as Japan and China are doing quite well despite their low level of English proficiency. That is misplaced comparison. The Japanese of the Meiji Restoration eagerly adopted Western ways and English language specifically. Likewise, China today is very much emphasizing English.
Many attribute the relative backwardness of Malays especially in STEM and commerce to culture. Others as with former Prime Minister Mahathir blame our very core - our genetics.
The more plausible reason for the success of non-Malays vis a vis Malays is our blind emphasis on religion and lack of STEM and language skills. At least my take, unlike Mahathir’s, would make the problem potentially solvable. You cannot change your genetic makeup except in very limited medical circumstances.
Most non-Malays (at least the successful ones) today can speak more than one language, with many being trilingual. In the business world you have to speak the language of your customers or you would lose them to your competitors who could. As former German Chancellor Willy Brandt put it, “If I’m selling, I’m happy to speak to you in English. But if I’m buying dann mussen sie deutsche sprechen!”
Those Chinese hawkers would not have survived in Malay kampungs if they did not speak Malay. The more successful ones went beyond. They also learned a bit of Malay culture. Thus during Hari Raya they would have extra supplies on hand. They also knew that if they were to hang a piece of pork on their cart, they might as well kiss good-bye their Muslim customers. Non-Malay tycoons like Robert Kuok, Lim Goh Tong, and Ananda Krishnan all speak more than one language, including and especially Malay.
For all these reasons Malay leaders should make Malays at least bilingual. I would go beyond and make all Malays trilingual – Malay, English, and Arabic, the last being the language of our faith. This is where religious schools could play a vital role. Teach Malays modern, not ancient Arabic; more science and less revealed knowledge and prophetic traditions. Less catechism, more rational enquires. In short, religious schools in Malaysia should be more like Christian schools in America where most of their graduates end up as scientists, doctors and engineers with only a few if any be in the clergy class.
Beyond enhancing Malay competitiveness in the marketplace, multilingualism also enriches one’s life by making one sensitive to another person’s view of the world. That in itself sharpens one’s critical thinking. Whether non-Malays could speak or respect the national language is not germane to making Malays competitive, productive, or being able to think critically.
Next: Critical Thinking Skills: Use It Or Lose It
Wednesday, March 25, 2026
Bencana Semasa Sistem Pendidikan Malaysia
Bencana Semasa Sistem Pendidikan Malaysia
Sunday, March 22, 2026
The Blight of Current Malaysian Education
The Blight of Current Malaysian Education
M. Bakri Musa
Excerpted from my Quran, Hadith, and Hikayat: Exercises In Critical Thinking
Up until the 1970s many Malaysians had the distinct advantage in being bilingual and with a high level of English fluency. Early bilingual skills confer significant advantages, cognitive and otherwise. For one, it increases one’s sensitivity to the perspective of others.
I posit that Malaysia obtained her independence from Britain in the mid-1950s with relative ease because Malaysian leaders then were fluent in English. Knowing English and their ways lubricated the negotiations.
That English language commonality is today diminished. Non-Malays continue to be bilingual, with most being also trilingual. Not so with Malays. Increasingly and disturbingly many Malays are now only monolingual. No surprise then that Malays have degenerated into shrill chauvinists if not outright racists, the consequence of having gone through the national schools which have now become increasingly Malay-only. That intensifies the cultural as well as language insularity of those in that stream.
Meanwhile the opposite is occurring with non-Malays. Back in the 1960s the Democratic Action Party (DAP) was the hotbed of leftwing chauvinistic Chinese unable and unwilling to speak the national language. The only language they knew was their local Chinese dialect, with the party’s business conducted in Chinese. Today, DAP has strong broad appeal and with that, increasing Malay membership and political victory. That corresponds with the increasing multi language skills of their current members. While in the past the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) was the undisputed voice of the Chinese community, today that mantle has been grabbed by DAP.
Today Malays are enrolling their children in Chinese schools in increasing numbers. With China poised to eclipse the English-speaking West, that is a positive and pragmatic development. With their Chinese education and the accompanying broad socio-cultural exposure, those Malays would have a significant competitive advantage over their peers who remain in the national stream.
It is this enhancing of meta-cognitive (or thinking about thinking) skills that is the most valuable aspect to being bi- and multilingual. That skill is transferable and useful in many arenas and endeavors. As an added bonus, neurobiologists tell us that the bi- and multilingual brain delays and protects from the development of dementia.
The Islamists and Malay language nationalists have hijacked the nation's education system. As a result it has failed Malaysia in many ways. The curriculum today does not emphasize English and STEM. Malay leaders have the perverse mentality that emphasizing English is tantamount to not mertabakkan (respecting) the national language.
As non-Malays have long ago abandoned the national system, it no longer reflects the nation’s diversity. The students do not mix with their peers from the other races and cultures that are part and parcel of modern Malaysia. With non-Malays deserting the system, the learning environment in the national stream becomes dangerously insular. This tragedy is as yet unrealized, much less rectified.
Next Excerpt: The Blight Malaysian Islamic Education
Wednesday, March 18, 2026
Kecenderungan Untuk Menjadi Pak Turut Sebagai Penghalang Besar Pemikiran Kritis
Kecenderungan Untuk Menjadi Pak Turut Sebagai Penghalang Pemikiran Kritis
M. Bakri Musa
18 Mac 2026
Petikan daripada My Quran, Hadith, And Hikayat: Exercises In Critical Thinking (Edisi Kemas Kini)
Selain daripada soal minda, terdapat juga isu keakuran (conformity) atau dalam istilah tempatan, menjadi Pak Turut, serta kecenderungan kelompok dan tekanan sosial yang sering menghalang kita untuk berfikir secara kritis. Jika tabiat ini dibiarkan berterusan, lama-kelamaan kita akan menjadi seolah-olah tidak lagi mampu untuk berfikir sendiri.
Berbeza dengan sesetengah bahasa yang kedengaran kasar, parau, dan kurang ajar, Bahasa Melayu (BM) bersifat lembut dan merdu, tidak mempunyai bunyi suara yang keras. Cara paling berkesan untuk menghina atau mencaci dalam BM adalah dengan menyampaikannya secara kiasan yang paling halus. Memang sukar untuk kita berhujah secara bersemuka atau bertegas dalam BM kerana ia akan kedengaran biadab, malah kasar. Sukar juga untuk menyatakan sesuatu dalam BM kepada ketua anda bahawa anda tidak bersetuju dengannya. Sifat berterus terang atau bersemuka dianggap tidak manis dalam budaya Melayu, dan ini tercermin dalam bahasanya.
Saya cabar sesiapa sahaja untuk berkata dalam BM kepada Sultannya, “Maaf Tuanku, patik dengan segala hormatnya tidak bersetuju dengan Tuanku.” Itu mustahil dilakukan tanpa kedengaran biadab, atau lebih buruk lagi. Hal ini boleh membawa kepada keadaan yang melucukan. Pada tahun 2008, Menteri Besar Perak, Nizar Jamaluddin, tidak bersetuju dengan Sultannya mengenai isu pembubaran Dewan Undangan Negeri berikutan pembelotan beberapa ahli dari parti pemerintah. Oleh kerana Nizar terpaksa berucap dalam BM, dia bermula ucapannya begini, “Patik memohon sembah derhaka...!”
Berbalik kepada rentetan nahas pesawat Korean Airlines yang disebutkan sebelum ini, Lembaga Keselamatan Pengangkutan Kebangsaan Amerika (NTSB) mendapati beberapa masalah dalam latihan krew kokpit Syarikat penerbangan itu. Yang menonjol bukan berkaitan dengan mekanikal atau kejuruteraan, sebaliknya penguasaan Bahasa Inggeris (BI) yang lemah dalam kalangan krew. BI adalah bahasa penerbangan. Walaupun BI krew Korea itu difahami oleh kakitangan menara kawalan di Korea, ia tidak difahami oleh pegawai penerbangan awam Amerika. Pertuturan krew Korea kedengaran merapu, menyebabkan menara kawalan lapangan kapal terbang terpaksa meminta penjelasan berulang kali./Satu lagi faktor ialah budaya. “Jarak kuasa” (power distance) yang ketat di kalangan krew kokpit menyukarkan persefahaman yang pantas dan berkesan. Dalam keadaan kecemasan, ia boleh membawa bencana. Malah itulah faktor penyumbang utama yang ditemui oleh NTSB.
Ketua Korean Air menyedari masalah syarikatnya, membuktikan bahawa seseorang itu boleh berfikir secara kritis tidak kira apa pun bahasa ibunda mereka. Tetapi dia mengakui tidak mampu menyelesaikan masalah besar itu dengan sendiri, beliau mengupah perunding Amerika. Dia dengan senang dapat menentukan punca masaalah dari asasnya. Yakni kegagalan kaki tangan penerbang dalam kokpit membantah ketua mereka apabila dia membuat sesuatu yang berbahaya. Itu pula mencerminkan struktur sosial masyarakat Korea yang kaku, dengan jarak kuasa yang menebal serta bahasa Korea itu sendiri yang menjadi penghalang besar kepada komunikasi yang berkesan—terutamanya sifat keberatan untuk mengkritik pihak atasan.
Bahasa Korea jauh lebih rumit daripada BM kerana mempunyai berpuluh-puluh kata ganti nama seperti yang bermakna "Saya" dan "Awak" bergantung kepada kedudukan kuasa dan jarak sosial antara penutur, atau status sosial penutur berbanding orang yang disapa. Hal yang sama berlaku dalam BM walaupun pada tahap yang lebih rendah. Susulan saranan perunding tersebut, Korean Air menetapkan dasar penggunaan BI sepenuhnya di dalam kokpit pada setiap masa. Komunikasi kokpit bertambah baik, dan bersama-sama itu, rekod keselamatan dan keuntungan syarikat turut meningkat. Kata ganti nama "you" dan "I" terpakai sama ada anda seorang Kapten yang dijulang, Pegawai Pertama, mahupun pembersih kabin.
Sebaliknya bayangkan pelbagai agensi kerajaan dan badan lain di Malaysia termasuk universiti di mana ahli kerabat diraja sering dilantik sebagai ketua teraju—bukan sekadar jawatan kehormat tetapi dengan kuasa eksekutif yang besar. Bolehkah anda bayangkan perbincangan yang rancak dan terbuka berlaku dalam badan-badan sebegitu, sedangkan semua orang sibuk menyembah dan tunduk kepada Yang Amat Mulia itu dan ini? Di situlah letaknya masalah (dan masalah yang amat besar) dalam pentadbiran awam di Malaysia.
Seterusnya: Keadaan Semasa Pendidikan Malaysia


