Sahrour's Concept of Non-Synonymity On Reading The Qur'an
Shahrour’s Concept of Non-Synonymity on Reading The Qur’an
M. Bakri Musa
July 12, 2026
Excerpted from Qur’an, Hadith And Hikayat: Exercises In Critical Thinking (2021)
In reading the Qur’an, the engineer in Shahrour would have him first set his assumptions, and then continually assessed and tested them as he read the Holy Book.
His first was the concept of non-synonymity. When Allah uses two separate terms, He must mean and refer to two different things. We cannot assume the two to be synonymous or Allah doing it for the sake of literary style or variety, as with Shakespeare never using the same word twice in a sentence. Allah has little need to display his literary prowess or rich vocabulary.
Shahrour focused on two pivotal words: Al Qur’an and Al Kitab. To Shahrour those two terms must mean different things and cannot be used interchangeably at the reader’s whim. To emphasize this point, he referred to the more than a few occasions in the Qur’an where the two terms are used in the same ayat.
From his reading Shahrour concluded that Al Kitab refers to the same revelations Allah had previously given to His earlier prophets, from Adam down to Musa (Moses) and Isa (Jesus), before ending with the Last Messenger, Muhammad, s.a.w. Al Kitab reflects the same universal message as contained in those earlier revelations like the Torah and the Bible. The Prophet received those revelations early in his prophethood, collectively referred to as the Meccan verses. They contain the same universal message of justice, mercy, and inclusiveness of previous revelations as with “there shall be no compulsion in matters of faith,” (2:256) and “the best among you are the ones who serve the community” (2:238).
Al Qur’an on the other hand refers to the era- as well as culture-specific revelations the Prophet received as he was setting up the first Muslim community in Medinah, the so-called Medinah verses. That city already had an established and diverse society of Jews, Christians, Pagans, and outright atheists when Muhammad, s.a.w., arrived.
As such he had to deal with the practicalities of governance in an already established and diverse community that had as yet to accept the legitimacy of this new faith. Meaning, he had to confront such raw realities as to how to handle potential saboteurs, hypocrites, and fifth column elements intent on destroying this new usurper of power. The “kill the infidels” (9:5) types of revelations occurred during those early Medinan years reflecting the struggle the new faith.
Scholars have long acknowledged that the Qur’an contains two distinct components. One has the universal message, as with the earlier Meccan period (the component that Shahrour refers to as Al Kitab); the other, the more specific Medinan verses. To confuse matters, that component is also referred to as Al Qur’an, the same term for the combination of the two.
Ancient scholars reconciled the two apparent contradictions between the Qur’an’s universal, peaceful, and uplifting messages of the earlier Meccan period versus the culture and era specific revelations through “abrogation,” whereby the later Medinan verses “abrogate” earlier Meccan ones. As Shahrour pointed out, there is nothing in the Qur’an to suggest or even infer this. To suggest that God’s revelations had to be edited, amended, or otherwise “abrogated” would not square with the Islamic concept of God being Perfect and All-Knowing.
Another pair of terms, mukmin and muslimin, are also frequently used in the same sentence. There must be a difference between the two. To Shahrour, mukmim means believers, the generic variety that would include Jews, Christians and Zorastarians before Islam came, while muslim refers to the subset of believers who follow the Last Messenger, or Muslims as we understand the term today.
The Qur’an states that we are all born a believer, a mukmin. Only through our parents we become Jews, Christians, Muslims, and others. That explains the current fashion in referring to new Muslims not as converts, as was the previous practice, but reverts. They were already a Muslim (or mukmin to be accurate) at birth and now reverting to that fitra, or original birth status.
Next: Contributions of Non-Religious Disciplines to Understanding The Qur’an
